Improved machine for making dough, paste



N. PETERS-, PNOTO-UTHUBHAPHEH, WASHINGTON D C EBENEZER STEVENS, OFLONDON, ENGLAND.

lMPROVED MACH-INE FOR MAKING DOUGH, PASTE, &C.

Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 40,370, dated October20, 1863.

T0 all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, EBENEZER STEVENS, of No. 139 Cheapside, in the cityof London, a subject of the Queen of Great Britain, have invented ordiscovered new and useful improvements in machinery for preparing doughand paste suitable for making bread, biscuits, pastry, cakes, andsimilar articles 5 and I, the said EBENEZEE S'rEvENs, do hereby declarethe nature of the said invention and in what manner the saine is to beperformed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by thefollowing statement thereof-thatis to say:

This invention has for its object improvements in machinery forpreparing dough and paste suitable for making bread, biscuits, pastry,and cakes. By means of this machinery dough and paste may be preparedwithout the materials being handled or touched by the operator. Theprocess is thus rendered perfectly cleanly, whereas the hand process, asordinarily practiced, is the reverse of this. The use of' the machinerydescribed also results in promoting the health of the employed, in agreat saving of labor, and in a great increase in the yield of bread,which also is of a better quality. For this purpose machinery isconstructed in the several manners shown in the annexed drawings, whichl will now proceed to describe.

The drawings A show a machine consisting of a mixing-vessel, with theapparatus used in conjunction therewith.

Figure l is an end view; Fig. 2, a front view, partly in section; Fig.3, a front view with the mixing-vessel removed, 'and Fig. is a plan ofthe machine.

The framing of the machine consists of the two side fra-mes, c a,connected together by a transverse frame, ax, of corresponding depth.

On the side frames, ca, are erected the standards c3 a3, which supportthe hopper to contain the iiour to be mixed. The upper part, b, of thehopper is ot' wood, while the lower part, b ,is a trough of cast-iron,with a longitudinal slit or opening along the bottom. There is, however,a low partition in the center of the hopper, which divides the slit intotwo parts or lengths, each of which is fitted with a slide, c, by whichthe slit may be closed. The slide is supported by guide-bars, screwed tothe under side of the trough b', and is provided with handles c. Thehopper is closed at the top by a lid, b2, hinged to it, as is shown, andin the lid is an opening of sufficient size to admit of sacks of iiourbeing emptied into the hopper. This opening is fitted with a cover,

out of gear when desired, and with this view the wheel is fitted with ahandle, e. The axis d has a feather upon it to prevent the wheel erotating independently of vits axis. our, on descending from the hopper,falls into the mixing-vessel, and to distribute it evenly over thebottom thereof or over the dough therein the dusting-board gis used.This is mounted on the axis y.

g2 is an arm on the axis g. It is connected by a rod, h, with theeccentric 2, fixed on the pinion i', which gears with a spur wheel,j, onthe axis d of the agitators. The dustingboard g thus has an oscillatingmotion given to it, and the iiour as it falls, coming against thisboard, is thrown by it iirst to one side and then to the other of themixing-vessel.

The mixing-vessel lc is made by preference of galvanized sheet-ironriveted together. It is mounted on three wheels.- The stud-axes of thetwo hinder wheels, 7c kf, are xed to the bottom of the vessel, and theaxis ofthe third 0r front wheel, k2, is carried by a fork at the lowerend of a vertical spindle, k3, which is capable of turning in abracket-piece riveted to the mixing-vessel, as is shown. The upper endof the spindle 7c3 is squared to receive a handle, by means of which themixing-vessel can be drawn from place to place, and'by directing thehandle to one or other side a corresponding direction will be given tothe leading-wheel, andk the vessel will thus be steered or guided. Thebottom of the mixingvessel k is made double, and the space in closed isemployed to contain warm water to keep the dough at the propertemperature for fermentation when the mixing is complete.

The water is )cured in at the o eninO 765 and The run oft' when donewith by the cock k6, or stealn may be employed to warm the mixingvessel,or gas may be laid on under it.4 In very hot climates it is necessary tocool in place of to heat the mixing-vessel k.

l is a portion of the front of the mixing-vessel which is removable tofacilitate the taking the don gh vor paste out'of the vessel. Atothertimes it is held in its place by the catches 7c3.

The mixing-vessel is kept in itsplace in the machine during the mixingprocess by a bar, I, which bears on the front ot' the vessel. The barhas eyes at its ends, which pass over screws projecting' from the sideframes a., and it is secured by the hand nuts e. Within themixing-vessel are the mixers m. They. are teeth made of wroughtiron andset in inclined positions on the cranked axis or bar m. It has socketsformed at its ends, which are made square interiorly.

The way in which the mixer is carried and is actuated as shown in thesedrawings, and as is suitable for machines of very large size, is asfollows:

a n are standards which carry in suitable bearings tubular axes o..Through each of these axes a bar, p, passes. It is also furthersupported by bearing, p', and is squared at the end. These bars p arecapable of sliding within the tubular axes, but aie made to turn withthem by means of feathers or otherwise.

The squared ends of the bars p lit into thev sockets at the ends of themixer, sothat when the two tubular axes o are driven they carry themixer with them. Simultaneous motion is given to these two axes by thetwo large spur-wheels f f, mounted upon them.

r is a horizontal axis at the back of the machine. lt is carried inbearings on the fra-mes a., and is driven either by power or by acrankhandle applied at its end and actuated by `manual labor. With thismachine, however,

r are out of gear, can be made to gear with the spur-wheels s s, ofwhich there are two, one at each end of the machine. They are mounted onthe tubular axes o. The axis r has also'a iiywheel, r3, upon it to keepthe speed of rotation as nearly uniform as may be.

When the machine is desired to run fastthat is to say,'when only a partof the iiour has been let down and mixed with the water and before thedough is stiffthe larger pinions r2 are made to gear, but as soon as thedough stiffens these are thrown out and the smaller pinions r throwninto gear, so that the machine may be driven at a slower speed. In orderto throw these pinions in and out of gear, there is' a collar on eachpair of pinions r r2, which is embraced by a fork, t, capable ot slidingto and fro in guides .in the trame. These forks are cach attached toconnectingrods u a, and these are pin-jointed to a lever, e, mounted ona lixed center, v. This arrangement causes the pinions at the opposite-ends of the machine to move in unison.

1.0 is the handle, by which the pinions are thrown in and out of gear.It is mounted on the fixed center w', and at its inner end ispin-jointed to one of the forks t, as is shown.

This lever can be locked to the frame by a pin, rc2, ,either in positionto retain in gear the pinions r r or the pinions r2 r2, as may berequired. One of the bearings ofthe axis r is carried by a bracket, a,from one of the side frames. When the dough or paste is completelymixed, it becomes necessary to remove the mixer from the nlixingyessel,and for this purpose the bars or axes p have to be drawn back. To efectthis each of the axes p has a collar on it a-t p2, which is embraced bya fork on one of the levers m. These levers are mounted on fixed centersat and each of them at its inner end is pin-jointed to one ot' theconnecting-rods y. These rods are connected to the lever z. A is thehandle by which this gear is worked. lt is iixed on the horizontal axisA', and at its inner end it has an arm, A2, projecting downward andentering a slot in one of the rods y. Thus itv will be seen that byturning the handle A the axes p p ofthe mixing-vessel can be withdrawnor protruded out, as may be required. There are holes in the side of themixing-vessel, through which the axes p p can pass freely.

Another method of carrying and actuating the cranked-mixer axes mf, andwhich is preferable, except where the machines are of very large size,is hereinafter described.

Connected with the frame of the machine are arms a5, tied together byabar, a, and having friction-wheels al a7 mounted upon them. These armsare to support a lid, with which the mixing-vessel is fitted, whenthelid is out of use, and the friction-wheels are to enable the workmanwithout difficulty to run the lid onto or off from the mixing-vessel.

l would remark that it is only in machines of very large size that it isdesirable to drive the mixer-axis m from both ends. ln machines ofordinary size it is only necessary to drive it from one end, and thisgreatly simplifies the arrangement of the gearing. A plan of a machinethus arranged is shown at Fig. 5 of the drawings B. In this machine,also, but one axis, p, is employed, the mixer-bar at the other end beingsupported simply in a socket formed in the end of the mixing-vessel. Theaxis p employed is not made to slide, and the method of holding anddriving the mixer-bar m is modified to admit of this in a mannerhereinafter described. This is a change also which greatly simplitiesthe arrangement of the machine, and it forms an important part of myinvention.

The machine has a movable mixing-vessel, k, which is received betweenthe two standards c c ofthe frame, and is held in its place by hooks orcatches lX at the back, in place of by the bar l, as before. Thestandards x are connected together by a bed-plate, as is shown. The axisp is made in two parts, the bearings of one part being carried by thestandard and that ot' the other by the end of the mixing-vessel. Ii' themachine, however, were made with axed mixing-vesselit would not benecessary to make the axis in' separate parts. It is required when amovable mixingvessel is employed to allow the vessel to be run in andont, but when the vessel is in its place the axis works asif it were inone piece,

there being a fork formed in one part of the axis which then embraces across-head on the other part of the axis. The standards a a also carrythe axis r. This axis, however, has

pinions r and r2 at one end of it only, and similarly there is but onewheel, j', and one wheel s. The pinions r and r2 have a handle attachedto them, byy which they are moved in and out oi' gear. In this machine,also,the iiywheel r3 is not mounted on the axisfr, but this axis iscarried by a separateI standard and has tixed on it a spur-wheel, r4,which gears with another larger spur-wheel, T5, on the axis r. Thisarrangement, as it causes the iiy-wheel to revolve more rapidly than theaxis i', allows ot a lighter wheel being used without any loss ot'efficiency.

In order to give sniieient strength to the mixer-bar to allow of itsbeing driven from one end only, I strengthen it in the angle by means ofa diagonal tie.

Fig. 6 is a side view of a mixer-bar, in. Thus strengthened, m is thediagonal tie. lt extends, as the drawings show, from the squaredriving-socket oi the mixer-bar to the horizontal portion thereof.

Figs. 7 and 8 are end views ofthe mixer-bar, (shown at Fig. 6,) and Fig.9 is a transverse section ot' the same. It will be seen that the formofthe mixer m is somewhat varied. That indicated in these igures is veryeii'ective. In this case, in order that the mixer-bar m may be movable,as is required, the drivingsocket ot' the bar is notched on one side, asis shown by the end view. This allows itreadily to be put inor removedfrom the axis p, and to prevent 1t failing ot't' this axis vwhen in thecourse ot' each rotation the notch is uppermost. A semicircular lip isformed in the mixing-vessel immediately under the axis, and thisreceives and supports the boss or exterior of the driving-socket of themixer-bar. The end of the driving-axisp I do not in this case makesquare in section, but I make it to correspond in form with the notch inthe mixer-bar, into which it is to tit. The mixerbar may also beprevented fallin g ofi' the axis p by means of a ring made to slide overthe point of junction.

It' desired, the mixing-vessel may be divided into two compartments byacentral partition,

and then two mixer-bars are used, one in each compartment. In thepartition there is a bearing carrying a short axis, which receives ateach end the end of one of the mixer-bars, which it retains, as alreadydescribed, either by means of a lip or b v means of a sl'iding ring.When the axis p is turned, both mixerbars will be driven, and they arearranged so that when the mixers m of one bar are in the dough those oi'the other are up out of it, consequently the power required to drivetwos mixer-bars so arranged will be more uniform than when one bar onlyis used.

In some cases, when employing a flour-hopper above the mixing-trough, Idispense with 4the vibrating dusting-board g, and in place thereotl Imake a portion of the slide c of perforated metal or gauze. The motionof the stirrers within the hopper will insure the passage of acontinuous shower of our through the perforated portion ot' the slide.

Fig. 10 is a front view, and Fig. 1l a vertical section, of a portion-ofa flour-hopper thus constructed. t

In making the best bread it is customary always to sift the iiour. Whenthis is desired, l mount a rotary sieve in the hopperover themixing-vessel, and in place of putting the flour direct into the hopper,I put it into a chute at the side, from whence it passes through thesieve and into the hopper.

Fig. 12 is a vertical section of the upper part of a hopper with arotaryscreen cornbined with it.

D is the chute into which the flour is placed.

E is the axis on which the rotary screen F is xed. This screen isconveniently made ot' perforated metal or wire-gauze, or it may be madeoi' woven fabric.

The axis E is caused to rotate by means ot' a pinion, G,'at its end,which gears with another pinion, H, which is either turned by means ot acrank-han die or it may be thrown intogear with the wheel e, it' siftingand mixing be required to go on simultaneously.

I is an inclined propeller, mounted on the axis E within the chute D, todraw the iiour forward into the screen.

The apparatus which I employ to raise the dough or paste in themixing-vessel, in order that it may be removed therefrom, is shown atFigs. 13 and 14. (See Drawing C.) This scoop is fixed on the mixer-barwhen it is required to discharge the dough.A

Fig. 13 is a side View, and Fig. 14E is aplan, of the scoop.

a a are two side plates; b, a bottom plate, and c a central partition.These parts form a double scoop, and it is of such a size as just to titin between two of the mixers in the mixer-bar, entering into the notchesc c ot' the scoop. The scoop is secured by a bolt passing through it andthrough the ends of two ot t-he mixers m. The double scoop raises twopieces ot dough at each rotation-- one on the plate b, and the other onthe plate C.

vmixer-bar m is shown, as will be seen.

The drawings D show a machine of small size and simplein itsconstruction'. Itis such a machine as is adapted for use in smallhouseholds. It is made with the axis p xed as described in respect toFig. 5.

Fig. 15 is a vertical section, Fig. 16 an end view, and Fig. 17 aportion of a plan, of the machine. The mixing-vessel is arranged as inthe machine last described, but is smaller and not provided with feet,as this machine is intended to stand on a table.

The casting a8, which is bolted onto one end of the machine, is so madeas to case in the wheelsf and r. on the axis p, one bearing of which iscarried by the bracket 'a8 and the other by the side of themixing-vessel. A front view of the bearing within the mixing-vessel isshown separately at Fig, 18, and a plan of the same at Fig. 19. (SecDrawing (i.) In the same figures a portion ofthe axis p and also of theThe bearing has a semicircular lip, k,upon it. This, as alreadymentioned, is to prevent the mixerbar in falling oft' the axis 19 whenthe notch in the boss of the mixer-bar is uppermost.

By making the axis p stationary-that is to say, so that it cannot slideendewise-I am enabled, as the drawings show, to bring the spurwheelsclose up to the side ofthe mixin g-vessel, and this is the case,whatever be the size ofthe machine, where a fixed mixing-vesselisemployed. The axis r is carried in bearings', one of which is in thecasting a and the other in a bracket iixed to the back of themixing-vessel.

N o fly-wheel is employed in machines of the small size shown in thesedrawings, and for the sake of simplicity of construction the pinion fris not made to slide in and out of gear.

What l claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

l. The doughmixer hereinbefore described, composed substantially ofprongs secured to a cranked axis or bar, so that it may be read ilywithdrawn from the dough when' the axis is uppermost.

2. The combination of a stationary frame to support the gearing, bywhich the doughmixer is worked with a removable mixingves sel, in suchmanner that the connection of the gearing with thc dough-mixer in themixingvessel may be disconnected to permit the The wheelf is fixeddirectly A dough to be conveyed in ,the mixing-vessel to any part of thebakery, substantially'as herein set forth.

3. '.lhe combination of the dough-mixer with a Hour-hopper andHour-agitators, or their equivalent, whereby the flour thrown in massinto the Hour-hopper is delivered gradually f to the mixing-vesselduring the mixing of the dough, substantially as herein set forth.

4. The combination of the flour-hopper and its agitators, with variableslides to regulate the discharge of our to the mixing-vessel beneath,substantially as herein set forth.

the mixing-vessel, with a dusting-board -between the two to distributethe iiour into the mixin g-vessel, substantially as herein set forth.

6. The combination of the iour-agitators or other moving appurtenancesofthe Hour-hopper with the dough-mixer by a removable connection, sothat the former may be thrown out of gear when the our is exhausted,substantially as herein set forth. y,

7. The combination of the dough-mixer with change gearing,so that it maybe moved rapidly when the dough is thin and more slowly when the doughbecomes ton gh substantially as herein set forth.

8. The combination of the dough-mixer with duplex gear, (at the two endsof the machine,) so that an equal motion is communicated to both ends ofthe dough-mixer simultaneously, substantially as herein. set forth.

9. The combination of the driving-spindles of the dough-mixer at the twoends ofthe machine with one shifting-lever, so that bothdriving-spindles can be simultaneously withdrawn from the dough-mixer,substantially as herein set forth. f

l0. The combination of a mixing-vessel litted with a mixer with ajacket, forming a double bottom to permit the temperature of themixing-vessel to be varied by the application of water or steam,substantially as herein set forth.

E. STEVENS.

Witnesses:

GEO. PITT, J No. -ALcooK, 24 Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane,

London.

5. The combination of the flour-hopper and

